art_artifical_intelligence [Felix Stalder, Prof. DfA]

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==== Watching “Machines” See ====

Input: 07.09.2021

=== Recognizing visual patterns: Edges, Shapes, and Colours === 

  * !Mediengruppe Bitnik [[https://wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww.bitnik.org/samesame/|SAME SAME. WATCHING ALGORITHMS - CABARET VOLTAIRE EDITION]] 2015
  * Mario Klingemann & Simon Doury [[https://experiments.withgoogle.com/x-degrees-of-separation|X Degrees of Separation]], 2018

=== Attributing Meaning; Training sets and labeling === 

  * !Mediengruppe Bitnik! [[https://wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww.bitnik.org/sor/|Dada. State of the Reference]], 2017
  * Kate Crawford and Trevor Paglen, “Excavating AI: The Politics of Training Sets for Machine Learning (September 19, 2019) [[https://excavating.ai/|https://excavating.ai]] (taxonomy - class - labeled image) [[https://www.fondazioneprada.org/project/training-humans/?lang=en|Training Humans]]. Fondazine Prada (12 Sep 2019 – 24 Feb 2020)
  * Politics of Labeling: Making Categories, outsourcing labor (see below Mechanical Turk)

=== Boundaries between human and the non-human ===

  * Dvorsky, George. 2013.[[https://io9.gizmodo.com/freakishly-realistic-telemarketing-robots-are-denying-t-1481050295| “Freakishly Realistic Telemarketing Robots Are Denying They’re Robots.”]]. Io9.Gizmodo.Com (Dec. 12). 2013.
  * Dvorsky, George. 2013. [[https://io9.gizmodo.com/robot-denying-telemarketing-robot-may-not-actually-be-a-1485617146|“Robot-Denying Telemarketing Robot May Not Actually Be a Robot.”]] Io9.Gizmodo.Com (Dec. 18). 2013.
  * MTurk: “artificial artificial intelligence“ (Jeff Bezos)
  * Hitlin, Paul. 2016. [[http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/07/11/research-in-the-crowdsourcing-age-a-case-study|“Research in the Crowdsourcing Age, a Case Study.”]] Pew Research Center (July).
  * Crockett, Zachary. 2019. [[https://thehustle.co/making-money-on-amazon-mechanical-turk|“How Much Money Can You Make on Amazon Mechanical Turk?”]] The Hustle (July 13). 2019.
  * **Latour, Bruno**. 1989. [[https://courses.ischool.berkeley.edu/i290-tpl/s11/w/images/6/69/The_Moral_Dilemmas_of_a_Safety-belt.pdf|“The Moral Dilemmas of a Safety-Belt.”]] Translated by Lydia Davis. Traduction Inédite En Anglais.
  * [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvbHu_bVa_g|Google Duplex: Let AI make a phone call for you]] (2018 demo, real-life social problems and [[https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-020-0219-9?proof=t|ecological costs]]). 
  * Kate Crawford& Vladan Joler (2018)[[https://anatomyof.ai/index.html| Anatomy of an AI System]]. 

=== Authorship, Copyright and AI ===

Portrait of Edmond Belamy, 2018 by Obvious (Pierre Fautrel, Hugo Caselles-Dupré, and Gauthier Vernier) Sold for $432,500 at Christie’s (Oct 25), (selling estimate: 10'000)

  * [[https://obvious-art.com/|Obvious Group]]
  * [[http://robbiebarrat.github.io/|Robbie Barrat]]
  * Vincent, James. 2018. [[https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/23/18013190/ai-art-portrait-auction-christies-belamy-obvious-robbie-barrat-gans|“How Three French Students Used Borrowed Code to Put the First AI Portrait in Christie’s.”]] The Verge. (October 23).
  * Christie’s. 2018. [[https://www.christies.com/features/A-collaboration-between-two-artists-one-human-one-a-machine-9332-1.aspx|“The First Piece of AI-Generated Art to Come to Auctio]] Christie’s.” Christies.Com (Dec. 12).
  * Boddington, Ruby. 2020. [[https://www.itsnicethat.com/features/ones-to-watch-2020-robbie-barrat-digital-240220|“‘These Are Important Visual Moments’: Artist Robbie Barrat Pushes, Tests and Breaks AI in His Works.”]] It’s Nice That (February 24).
Cornelia Sollfrank: [[http://net.art-generator.com/|Net.Art Generator]] Smart Artists make the machine do the work, since 1997

  * Legal Perspective, Plug-in Basel
  * Stalder, Felix. 2014. [[https://www.artlog.net/de/kunstbulletin-1-2-2014/urheberrecht-wenn-das-recht-kunstfeindlich-wird|“Urheberrecht - Wenn Das Recht Kunstfeindlich Wird.”]] Kunstbulletin, 2014.